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Perez-POA(tilt 35°, az 0°)",1419.316891761859,"kWh\u002Fm2","measured",{"label":292,"expression":293,"value":48,"unit":289,"provenance":290},"climateCalibration","POA × mean(2005–2023)\u002FTMY @ 35° S (× 0.921)",{"label":295,"expression":296,"value":49,"unit":297,"provenance":290},"annualAveragePsh","H_a \u002F 365","kWh\u002Fm2\u002Fd",{"label":299,"expression":300,"value":78,"unit":301,"provenance":290},"gainVsGhi","POA_a \u002F GHI_a - 1","%",{"label":303,"expression":304,"value":77,"unit":289,"provenance":290},"exceedanceBands","P50\u002FP90(n = 19, ref 35°)",[306,313],{"level":307,"code":308,"params":309,"anchors":311},"warning","SNOW_NOT_MODELLED",{"months":310},"1",[312],"tiltDeg",{"level":314,"code":315,"params":316,"anchors":318},"info","WINTER_SUMMER_RATIO_EXTREME",{"ratio":317},5.5,[312],[320,323,326,329,332,335,338],{"q":321,"a":322},"What are peak sun hours — and why are weather-report sunshine hours useless?","Peak sun hours are energy: kWh\u002Fm² per day, expressed as hours of full reference irradiance (1000 W\u002Fm²). Weather-report \"sunshine hours\" measure something else: the time during which direct irradiance exceeds 120 W\u002Fm² (WMO definition) — a pale winter hour just above the threshold counts in full, exactly like a blazing June hour carrying many times the energy. Sizing only cares about energy. Berlin at 35° tilt: about 5.7 PSH in the best month, just over 1 in December — an annual average hides exactly that difference.",{"q":324,"a":325},"How does this calculator work — and how accurate is it?","It simulates your module hour by hour through a typical meteorological year (TMY; 8,760 hourly values from PVGIS SARAH3, 2005–2023): solar position, angle of incidence, Perez transposition of the diffuse fraction, ground reflection, and the terrain horizon of your grid point. That is why it works for any azimuth — east-west or façade included. In cross-validation against PVGIS, the tilt gain deviates by less than 2% (up to 60° tilt) and 3% at the façade.",{"q":327,"a":328},"What do P50 and P90 mean — and why do years scatter?","The typical year is an average; real years scatter by several percent. From the 19 individual years in the dataset, the calculator derives two bands: P50 is the median — half of all years exceed it. P90 is the value reached in 9 out of 10 years — the conservative number for sizing and financing. Plan with P50 and you will be disappointed every other year.",{"q":330,"a":331},"Does the value apply to my site in a valley or on a slope?","The terrain horizon (mountains, ridges) of your nearest grid point is included — the 0.25° grid is never more than ~17 km away. What is NOT included: shading from nearby buildings, trees, or the neighbour's gable; that comes on top, mostly in winter. Snow on the modules is not modelled either — the calculator warns explicitly for months where it is likely.",{"q":333,"a":334},"How many peak sun hours do solar panels need?","There is no minimum below which panels stop working — the question is how much energy you need. At 35° facing south, a module plane in the DACH region collects between about 3.4 (Hamburg) and 4.4 (Geneva) kWh\u002Fm² per day as an annual average — 1,250 to 1,600 kWh\u002Fm² per year (see the city table). Rule of thumb: panel wattage × daily peak sun hours ≈ ideal daily output before system losses; a 400 W panel at 3.6 PSH yields roughly 1.4 kWh per day. For off-grid sizing, design for the worst month and its P90 value, not the annual average — December in Berlin drops to about 1 PSH at 35° tilt.",{"q":336,"a":337},"Are peak sun hours the same as specific yield (kWh\u002FkWp)?","No, but they are directly linked. Peak sun hours describe the solar resource per square metre of module area (kWh\u002Fm² per day); specific yield describes the output per installed capacity (kWh\u002FkWp per year — also called full-load hours). The bridge: at reference irradiance one kilowatt-peak delivers exactly one kilowatt — the annual PSH total is therefore the ideal specific yield before real system losses (PVGIS assumes a flat 14%). Berlin at 35° south: about 1,300 kWh\u002Fm² per year works out to roughly 1,100 kWh\u002FkWp.",{"q":339,"a":340},"Does this calculator work outside Germany, Austria and Switzerland?","Not yet. The hourly grid currently covers the DACH region: 1,155 grid points at 0.25° resolution, so the nearest point is never more than ~17 km away. For other regions the official tools are the best choice: PVGIS by the European Commission (worldwide except polar regions), or PVWatts by the US lab NLR (formerly NREL) for the United States. A US grid built on NSRDB hourly data is in preparation — same calculation path and the same P50\u002FP90 bands as here.",[342],{"name":343,"url":344,"retrievedAt":345,"version":346},"JRC Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS), European Commission — endpoints tmy, MRcalc, printhorizon","https:\u002F\u002Fre.jrc.ec.europa.eu\u002Fpvg_tools\u002F","2026-07-30","PVGIS API v5_3, solar radiation database PVGIS-SARAH3",[348,353,359,365,371,376,382,388,394],{"name":349,"slug":350,"distanceKm":351,"annualPsh":49,"p90KwhM2":77,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Berlin","de-berlin",1,40,{"name":354,"slug":355,"distanceKm":356,"annualPsh":357,"p90KwhM2":358,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Oranienburg","de-oranienburg",19,3.503000720980533,1193.894,{"name":360,"slug":361,"distanceKm":362,"annualPsh":363,"p90KwhM2":364,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Blankenfelde-Mahlow","de-blankenfelde-mahlow",20,3.5798803172314346,1197.9479999999999,{"name":366,"slug":367,"distanceKm":368,"annualPsh":369,"p90KwhM2":370,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Potsdam","de-potsdam",22,3.5934405191059837,1215.032,{"name":372,"slug":373,"distanceKm":368,"annualPsh":374,"p90KwhM2":375,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Bernau","de-bernau",3.520992069214132,1209.374,{"name":377,"slug":378,"distanceKm":379,"annualPsh":380,"p90KwhM2":381,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Ludwigsfelde","de-ludwigsfelde",26,3.642096611391492,1218.8539999999998,{"name":383,"slug":384,"distanceKm":385,"annualPsh":386,"p90KwhM2":387,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Königs Wusterhausen","de-koenigs-wusterhausen",29,3.569196827685653,1203.042,{"name":389,"slug":390,"distanceKm":391,"annualPsh":392,"p90KwhM2":393,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Strausberg","de-strausberg",33,3.62602451333814,1231.65,{"name":395,"slug":396,"distanceKm":397,"annualPsh":398,"p90KwhM2":399,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Eberswalde","de-eberswalde",45,3.5717015140591206,1227.4499999999998,[401,403,410,417,424,431,438,445,452,459,466,474,481,488,495,503,510,517],{"name":349,"slug":350,"country":402,"annualPsh":49,"worstMonthPsh":21,"bestMonthPsh":15,"p90KwhM2":77,"bestTiltDeg":352},"DE",{"name":404,"slug":405,"country":402,"annualPsh":406,"worstMonthPsh":407,"bestMonthPsh":408,"p90KwhM2":409,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Hamburg","de-hamburg",3.410527757750541,0.8892869269949065,5.532315789473684,1176.2220000000002,{"name":411,"slug":412,"country":402,"annualPsh":413,"worstMonthPsh":414,"bestMonthPsh":415,"p90KwhM2":416,"bestTiltDeg":352},"München","de-muenchen",3.9544599855803892,1.7760950764006789,5.67887945670628,1348.696,{"name":418,"slug":419,"country":402,"annualPsh":420,"worstMonthPsh":421,"bestMonthPsh":422,"p90KwhM2":423,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Köln","de-koeln",3.505522710886807,1.1346010186757218,5.385859649122807,1211.132,{"name":425,"slug":426,"country":402,"annualPsh":427,"worstMonthPsh":428,"bestMonthPsh":429,"p90KwhM2":430,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Frankfurt am Main","de-frankfurt-am-main",3.7600850757029565,1.1640407470288625,5.740473684210527,1280.596,{"name":432,"slug":433,"country":402,"annualPsh":434,"worstMonthPsh":435,"bestMonthPsh":436,"p90KwhM2":437,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Düsseldorf","de-duesseldorf",3.5407527036770006,1.130288624787776,5.422491228070175,1223.7839999999999,{"name":439,"slug":440,"country":402,"annualPsh":441,"worstMonthPsh":442,"bestMonthPsh":443,"p90KwhM2":444,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Stuttgart","de-stuttgart",3.867723143475126,1.4357555178268255,5.781877192982457,1319.924,{"name":446,"slug":447,"country":402,"annualPsh":448,"worstMonthPsh":449,"bestMonthPsh":450,"p90KwhM2":451,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Essen","de-essen",3.491933669790915,1.1159422750424448,5.387754385964912,1206.63,{"name":453,"slug":454,"country":402,"annualPsh":455,"worstMonthPsh":456,"bestMonthPsh":457,"p90KwhM2":458,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Dortmund","de-dortmund",3.4794001441961067,1.111918505942275,5.361508771929824,1184.2520000000002,{"name":460,"slug":461,"country":402,"annualPsh":462,"worstMonthPsh":463,"bestMonthPsh":464,"p90KwhM2":465,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Dresden","de-dresden",3.628393655371305,1.3026485568760608,5.482342954159592,1237.3439999999998,{"name":467,"slug":468,"country":469,"annualPsh":470,"worstMonthPsh":471,"bestMonthPsh":472,"p90KwhM2":473,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Wien","at-wien","AT",3.932196106705119,1.145144312393888,5.996146010186755,1364.1699999999998,{"name":475,"slug":476,"country":469,"annualPsh":477,"worstMonthPsh":478,"bestMonthPsh":479,"p90KwhM2":480,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Graz","at-graz",4.232757029560202,1.959830220713073,6.064787775891341,1428.2320000000002,{"name":482,"slug":483,"country":469,"annualPsh":484,"worstMonthPsh":485,"bestMonthPsh":486,"p90KwhM2":487,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Linz","at-linz",3.936785868781543,1.4033955857385398,5.841543859649123,1373.6820000000002,{"name":489,"slug":490,"country":469,"annualPsh":491,"worstMonthPsh":492,"bestMonthPsh":493,"p90KwhM2":494,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Salzburg","at-salzburg",3.6533929343907716,0.5489473684210527,5.22446519524618,1239.392,{"name":496,"slug":497,"country":498,"annualPsh":499,"worstMonthPsh":500,"bestMonthPsh":501,"p90KwhM2":502,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Zürich","ch-zuerich","CH",4.028915645277578,1.7283531409168078,5.730848896434634,1381.58,{"name":504,"slug":505,"country":498,"annualPsh":506,"worstMonthPsh":507,"bestMonthPsh":508,"p90KwhM2":509,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Genf","ch-genf",4.365839942321557,2.0648217317487263,6.185076400679117,1503.328,{"name":511,"slug":512,"country":498,"annualPsh":513,"worstMonthPsh":514,"bestMonthPsh":515,"p90KwhM2":516,"bestTiltDeg":6},"Basel","ch-basel",3.9591261715933665,1.7632937181663835,5.683769100169778,1309.5359999999998,{"name":518,"slug":519,"country":498,"annualPsh":520,"worstMonthPsh":521,"bestMonthPsh":522,"p90KwhM2":523,"bestTiltDeg":352},"Lausanne","ch-lausanne",4.289953857245855,2.0326655348047535,6.052258064516129,1466.068,1786101727397]