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min(P_pv, P_last), Profil \"family\", Speicher 5 kWh","kWh","measured",{"label":372,"expression":373,"value":374,"unit":369,"provenance":375},"syntheticLoadProfile","P_last(h) = Grundlast + Σ Buckel(Typ, h, Wochentag, Saison), Σ = 4000 kWh",4000.000000000005,"assumed",[],[378,381,384,387,390,393,396,399,402,405],{"q":379,"a":380},"What is the difference between self-consumption rate and self-sufficiency?","The self-consumption rate says how much of your GENERATION stays in the house — it falls as the system grows. Self-sufficiency says how much of your CONSUMPTION comes from your own roof — it rises as the system grows. They move in opposite directions; a calculator that reports only one of them is misleading. The intersection of the two curves has no economic meaning, by the way.",{"q":382,"a":383},"How do you calculate solar self-consumption?","Self-consumption rate = solar energy used on site divided by generation; self-sufficiency = consumption covered by your own solar divided by total consumption. Both need hourly values, because only the temporal overlap of generation and load counts — with annual totals, 8,000 kWh of generation against 4,000 kWh of consumption would wrongly yield 100% self-sufficiency. Worked example from this simulation (Berlin, 8 kWp, 4,000 kWh, family, 5 kWh battery): the system generates 8,032 kWh; 1,588 kWh are consumed directly and 1,535 kWh charge the battery — self-consumption rate 39%. Direct use plus 1,382 kWh of battery discharge covers 2,969 of the 4,000 kWh — self-sufficiency 74%, grid import 1,031 kWh.",{"q":385,"a":386},"Why does this calculator ask for the household type?","Because it is the most important input no standard load profile knows: with an identical system and identical annual consumption, a retired household reaches about 11 percentage points more self-consumption than a commuter household in the simulation (41 vs. 30 percent, Berlin, 5 kWp on 5,000 kWh) — simply because someone is home when the sun shines. Home office sits in between. No competing calculator models this.",{"q":388,"a":389},"What self-consumption rate is realistic without and with a battery?","It depends almost entirely on the ratio of system size to consumption. For a family household with 4,000 kWh in Berlin the simulation gives: 4 kWp reaches 35% self-consumption at 35% self-sufficiency without a battery; 8 kWp only 20% self-consumption but 40% self-sufficiency. A 5 kWh battery lifts both markedly — 4 kWp to 68% self-consumption and 65% self-sufficiency, 8 kWp to 39% and 74%. The common rule of thumb of \"30% without storage\" therefore only fits appropriately sized systems; this calculator simulates your combination hour by hour instead of averaging rules of thumb.",{"q":391,"a":392},"Where does the load profile come from, and how good is it?","It is a fully disclosed synthetic profile: base load plus type-dependent morning, midday and evening peaks, with weekday\u002Fweekend and season, normalised to your annual consumption. It was validated against the reference matrix of the HTW Berlin independence calculator, which is based on minute-resolution simulations of real households: without a battery our hourly model matches the HTW values to within one percentage point, with a battery to within two.",{"q":394,"a":395},"How much does a battery really help?","In the Berlin reference case (5 kWp, 5,000 kWh, commuter household) a 4.5 kWh battery lifts self-sufficiency from about 31 to 55 percent — nearly a doubling. The calculator shows both values side by side plus the equivalent full cycles (about 260 per year here — the realistic number that battery economics in calculator 44 stands or falls with). If the battery is too large for the surplus, it says so.",{"q":397,"a":398},"Can solar plus a home battery make me 100% self-sufficient?","Practically no — winter sets the limit. In the example case (Berlin, 8 kWp, 5 kWh battery, 4,000 kWh) annual self-sufficiency is 74%, but winter self-sufficiency only 46%; that is exactly why the calculator reports the winter value separately. Even a heavily oversized combination of 15 kWp and a 15 kWh battery only reaches 92% in the simulation — and the battery drops to about 130 full cycles per year, which the calculator flags as oversized. The last percentage points towards 100 are only reachable with extreme oversizing and make no economic sense; true grid independence is an off-grid topic (calculator 45).",{"q":400,"a":401},"What does shifting appliances to midday achieve?","More than most people think — and it costs nothing: shifting one kilowatt-hour per day (roughly one washing-machine run) from 7 pm to noon raises the self-consumption rate by 3 to 5 percentage points in the reference case. The calculator quantifies the effect for your configuration. This free behavioural change belongs BEFORE any battery purchase decision.",{"q":403,"a":404},"What does the German 60% feed-in cap do, and how accurate is the number?","Systems from 2 to 100 kWp without a smart meter and control box may feed in only 60 percent of their rated power in Germany (Solarspitzengesetz). The calculator then caps hourly feed-in and reports the curtailed energy — as a lower bound: hourly values smooth the generation peaks that actually get curtailed. HTW measures up to 9 percent loss for south-facing systems with minute data, only about 1 percent for east-west — and our simulation confirms the direction: the cap hits south much harder.",{"q":406,"a":407},"Does this calculator work outside Germany, Austria and Switzerland?","Not yet. The hourly irradiance grid currently covers the DACH region (1,155 grid points at 0.25°), and the load profile is validated against the German HTW Berlin reference. For yield outside Europe, NREL PVWatts (United States) or PVGIS by the European Commission are the best official tools — though neither simulates hourly self-consumption against a household profile. A US grid built on NSRDB hourly data is in preparation, which will bring this self-consumption simulation to US locations.",[409,414],{"name":410,"url":411,"retrievedAt":412,"version":413},"JRC Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS), European Commission — endpoints tmy, MRcalc, printhorizon","https:\u002F\u002Fre.jrc.ec.europa.eu\u002Fpvg_tools\u002F","2026-07-30","PVGIS API v5_3, solar radiation database PVGIS-SARAH3",{"name":415,"url":416,"retrievedAt":417,"version":418},"Bundesnetzagentur SMARD electricity price analysis, StromAuskunft price index (as of 2026-08-06) and EEG remuneration rates per § 48 EEG 2023","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smard.de","2026-08-06","Q3\u002F2026 (EEG-Sätze H2\u002F2026)",1786101752966]